1. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Veteran suicide prevention annual report. https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/data-sheets/2019/2019_National_Veteran_Suicide_Prevention_Annual_Report_508.pdf. Published September 2019. Accessed August 20, 2020.
2. US Department of Defense. Casualty status. https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf. Published August 17, 2020. Accessed August 20, 2020.
3. Cleveland EC, Azreal D, Simonetti JA, Miller M. Firearm ownership among American veterans: findings from the 2015 National Firearm Survey. Inj Epidemiol . 2017;4:33. doi:10.1186/s40621-017-0130-y
4. US Department of Veterans Affairs. PREVENTS: the President’s roadmap to empower veterans and end a national tragedy of suicide. https://www.va.gov/PREVENTS/docs/PRE-007-The-PREVENTS-Roadmap-1-2_508.pdf. Published June 17, 2020. Accessed August 20, 2020.
5. Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N. Firearm suicide among veterans in the general population: findings from the National Violent Death Reporting System. Trauma. 2009;67(3):503-507. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181b36521
6. Miller M, Barber C, White RA, Azrael D. Firearms and suicide in the United States: is risk independent of underlying suicidal behavior? Am J Epidemiol . 2013;178(6):946-955. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt197
7. Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Crosby AE, Jack, SP, Haileyesus, T, Kresnow-Sedacca M. Suicide trends among and within urbanization levels by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, and mechanism of death—United States, 2001-2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(18):1-16. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6618a1
8. McCarthy JF, Blow FC, Ignacio RV, Ilgen MA, Austin KL, Valenstein M. Suicide among patients in the Veterans Affairs Health System: rural-urban differences in rates, risks and methods. Am J Public Health . 2012;102(suppl 1):S111-S117. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300463
9. RAND Corporation. The relationship between firearm availability and suicide. https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/essays/firearm-availability-suicide.html. Published March 2, 2018. Accessed August 20, 2020.
10. Anglemyer A, Horvath T, Rutherford G. The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(2):101-110. doi:10.7326/M13-1301
11. Studdert DM, Zhang Y, Swanson SA, et al. Handgun ownership and suicide in California. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2220-2229. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1916744
12. Miller M, Hemenway D. The relationship between firearms and suicide: a review of the literature. Aggression Violent Behav . 1999;4(1):59-75. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00057-8
13. Brent DA. Firearms and suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci . 2001;932:225-239. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05808.x
14. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Connor K, Eberly S, Cox C, Caine ED. Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle aged and older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):407-416. doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.10.4.407
15. Grossman DC, Mueller BA, Riedy C, et al. Gun storage practices and risk of youth suicide and unintentional firearm injuries. JAMA. 2005;293(6):707-714. doi:10.1001/jama.293.6.707
16. Simonetti JA, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Limiting access to firearms as a suicide prevention strategy among adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(6):e195400. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5400
17. Dempsey CL, Benedek DM, Zuromski KL, et al. Association of firearm use, accessibility, and storage practices with suicide risk among US army soldiers. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(6):e195383. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5383
18. Wiebe DJ. Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: a national case-control study. Ann Emerg Med . 41(6):771-782. doi:10.1067/mem.2003.187
19. de Moore GM, Plew JD, Bray KM, Snars JN. Survivors of self-inflicted firearm injury: a liaison psychiatry perspective. Med J Aust. 1994;160(7):421-425. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb138267.x
20. Peterson LG, Peterson M, O’Shanick GJ, Swann A. Self-inflicted gunshot wounds: lethality of method versus intent. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(2):228-231. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.2.228
21. Miller M, Azrael D, Hemenway D. Belief in the inevitability of suicide: results from a national survey. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2006;36(1):1-11. doi:10.1521/suli.2006.36.1.1
22. Bryan CJ, Rudd MD, Peterson AL, Young-McCaughan S, Wertenberger, EG. The ebb and flow of the wish to live and the wish to die among suicidal military personnel. J Affect Disord . 2016;202:58-66. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.049
23. O’Donnell I, Arthur AJ, Farmer RD. A follow-up study of attempted railway suicides. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38(3):437-442. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90444-8
24. Owens D, Horrocks J, House A. Fatal and nonfatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:193-199. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.3.193
25. Seiden RH. Where are they now? A follow-up study of suicide attempters from the Golden Gate Bridge. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1978;8(4):203-216. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.1978.tb00587.x
26. Conner A, Azrael D, Miller M. Suicide case fatality rates in the United States, 2007 to 2014: a nationwide population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(12):885-895. doi:10.7326/M19-1324
27. Disenhammer EA, Ing CM, Strauss R, Kemmler G, Hinterhuber H, Weiss EM. The duration of the suicidal process: how much time is left for intervention between consideration and accomplishment of a suicide attempt? J Clin Psych. 2009;70(1):19-24. doi:10.4088/JCP.07m03904
28. Simon TR, Swann AC, Powell KE, Potter LB, Kresnow M, O’Carrol, PW. Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2001;32(suppl 1):49-59. doi:10.1521/suli.32.1.5.49.24212
29. Williams CL, Davidson JA, Montgomery I. Impulsive suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychol. 1980;36(1):90-94. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198001)36:1<90::aid-jclp2270360104>3.0.co;2-f
30. Drum, DJ, Brownson, CB, Denmark, AB, Smith, SE. New data on the nature of suicidal crises in college students: shifting the paradigm. Professional Psychol: Res Pract . 2009;40(3):213-222. doi:10.1037/a0014465
31. Lubin G, Werbeloff N, Halperin D, Shmushkevitch M, Weise M, Knobler H. Decrease in suicide rates after a change of policy reducing access to firearms in adolescents: a naturalistic epidemiological study. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2010;40(5):421-424. doi:10.1521/suli.2010.40.5.421
32. Shelef L, Tatsa-Laur L, Derazne E, Mann JJ, Fruchter E. An effective suicide prevention program in the Israeli Defense Forces: a cohort study. Eur Psychiatry . 2016;31:37-43. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.10.004
" class="smart-paging drupal-content" src="/sites/all/modules/contrib/smart_paging/plugins/wysiwyg/smart_paging/images/spacer.gif" title="<--pagebreak-->">
33. Simonetti JA, Azrael D, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Miller M. Firearm storage practices among American veterans. Amer J Prev Med . 2018;55(4):445-454. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.014
34. Office of the Surgeon General, National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. National strategy for suicide prevention: goals and objectives for action: a report of the U.S. Surgeon General and of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23136686 Published September 2012. Accessed August 18, 2020.
35. Stone D, Holland KM, Bartholow B, Crosby AE, Davis S, Wilkins N. Preventing suicide: a technical package of policies, programs, and practices. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2017.
36. American Public Health Association. Reducing suicides by firearms. https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2019/01/28/reducing-suicides-by-firearms. Published November 13, 2018. Accessed August 18, 2020.
37. Coffey MJ, Coffey CE, Ahmedani BK. Suicide in a health maintenance organization population. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(3):294-296. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2440
38. Boggs JM, Beck A, Ritzwoller DP, Battaglia C, Anderson HD, Lindrooth RC. A quasi-experimental analysis of lethal means assessment and risk for subsequent suicide attempts and deaths. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(6):1709-1714. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05641-4
39. Washington State Health Assessment 2018. Suicide & safe storage of firearms https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/1000/SHA-SuicideandSafeStorageofFirearms.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2020.
40. UC Davis Health Newsroom. First-in-the-nation gun violence prevention training program for health professionals established at UC Davis Health. https://health.ucdavis.edu/health-news/newsroom/first-in-the-nation-gun-violence-prevention-training-program-for-health-professionals-established-at-uc-davis-health/2019/10. Published October 15, 2019. Accessed August 18, 2020.
41. Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center. Lethal means safety & suicide prevention. https://www.mirecc.va.gov/lethalmeanssafety/index.asp. Updated February 1, 2018. Accessed August 18, 2020.
42. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Reducing firearm & other household safety risks for veterans and their families. https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/suicide_prevention/docs/Brochure-for-Veterans-Means-Safety-Messaging_508_CLEARED_11-15-19.pdf. Published July 2019. Accessed August 18, 2020.
43. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Means safety messaging for clinical staff. https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/suicide_prevention/docs/Pocket-Card-for-Clinicians-Means-Safety-Messaging_508_CLEARED_9-3-19.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2020.
44. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. Lethal means counseling: recommendations for providers. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/srb/LethalMeansProviders20200527508.pdf. Published May 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020.
45. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Supporting providers who serve veterans. https://www.mirecc.va.gov/visn19/consult. Updated August 3, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020.
46. US Department of Veterans Affairs. National strategy for preventing veteran suicide 2018-2028. https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/suicide_prevention/docs/Office-of-Mental-Health-and-Suicide-Prevention-National-Strategy-for-Preventing-Veterans-Suicide.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2020.
47. US Department of Veterans Affairs. VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines: assessment and management of patients at risk for suicide. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/srb. Updated July 30, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020.
48. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Developing a safety plan. https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/vasafetyplancolor.pdf. Published March 2012. Accessed August 18, 2020.
49. Lemle RB. VA forges an historic partnership with the National Shooting Sports Foundation and the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention to prevent veteran suicide. Fed Pract. 2019;36(2):18-24.
50. US Department of Veterans Affairs, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, National Shooting Sports Foundation. Suicide prevention is everyone’s business: a toolkit for safe firearm storage in your community. https://project2025.afsp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Toolkit_Safe_Firearm_Storage_CLEARED_508_2-24-20.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2020.
51. Montheith, LL, Wendleton, L, Bahraini, NH, Matarazzo, BB, Brimner, G, Mohatt, NV. Together with veterans: VA national strategy alignment and lessons learned from community-based suicide prevention for rural veterans. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2020;50(3):588-600. doi:10.1111/sltb.12613. Epub 2020 Jan 16
52. Gordon S. VA pioneering efforts to reduce veteran suicide from firearms. http://beyondchron.org/va-pioneering-efforts-to-reduce-veteran-suicide-from-firearms. Published March 10, 2020. Accessed August 20, 2020.
53. Johnson A. Protecting mental health and preventing suicide during COVID-19. https://www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/76827/mental-health-and-suicide-prevention-during-covid-19. Published July 14, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020.
54. Betz ME, Anestis MD. Firearms, pesticides, and suicide: a look back for a way forward. Prev Med. 2020;138:106144. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106144
55. Buckley, L, Chapman, RL, and Lewis, I. A systematic review of intervening to prevent driving while intoxicated: The problem of driving while intoxicated (DWI), Substance Use & Misuse . 2016; 51(1): 104-112. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1090452
" class="smart-paging drupal-content" src="/sites/all/modules/contrib/smart_paging/plugins/wysiwyg/smart_paging/images/spacer.gif" title="<--pagebreak-->">
56. National Safety Council. Injury facts. motor vehicle safety issues. https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/motor-vehicle/motor-vehicle-safety-issues/alcohol-impaired-driving. Accessed August 2020.
57. Crifasi CK, Doucette ML, McGinty EE, Webster DW, Barry CL. Storage practices of US gun owners in 2016. Am J Public Health . 2018;108(4):532-537. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304262
58. National Shooting Sports Foundation. Suicide prevention program for retailers and ranges. https://www.nssf.org/safety/suicide-prevention. Accessed August 18, 2020.
59. Pallin R, Siry B, Azrael D, et al. “Hey, let me hold your guns for a while”: a qualitative study of messaging for firearm suicide prevention. Behav Sci Law. 2019;37(3):259-269. doi:10.1002/bsl.2393
60. Oregon Firearm Safety. http://oregonfirearmsafety.org. Accessed August 18, 2020.
61. National Shooting Sports Foundation. Suicide prevention toolkit items. https://www.nssf.org/safety/suicide-prevention/suicide-prevention-toolkit. Accessed August 18, 2020.
62. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suicide rising across the US. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/suicide/index.html. Updated June 7, 2018. Accessed August 18, 2020.
63. U.S Department of Veterans Affairs. PREVENTS: executive order 13861. https://www.va.gov/PREVENTS/EO-13861.asp. Updated August 13, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020.
64. COVER Commission. Creating Options for Veterans’ Expedited Recovery (COVER) Commission Final Report. https://www.va.gov/COVER/docs/COVER-Commission-Final-Report-2020-01-24.pdf. Published January 24, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020.
65. Pierpoint LA, Tung GJ, Brooks-Russell A, Brandspigel S, Betz M, Runyan CW. Gun retailers as storage partners for suicide prevention: what barriers need to be overcome? Inj Prev. 2019;25(suppl 1):i5-i8. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042700
66. Gibbons MJ, Fan MD, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Rivara FP. Legal liability for returning firearms to suicidal persons who voluntarily surrender them in 50 US states. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(5):685-688. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305545
67. Kelly T, Brandspigel S, Polzer E, Betz ME. Firearm storage maps: a pragmatic approach to reduce firearm suicide during times of risk. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(5):351-353. doi:10.7326/M19-2944
68. Edwards C. This new gun storage map is designed to save lives in Colorado. https://bearingarms.com/cam-e/2019/08/27/new-gun-storage-map-designed-save-lives-colorado. Published August 27, 2019. Accessed August 18, 2020.
69. McCourt AD, Vernick JS, Betz ME, Brandspigel S, Runyan CW. Temporary transfer of firearms from the home to prevent suicide: legal obstacles and recommendations. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):96-101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704
70. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Aimed at suicide prevention, VA shares winners of its ‘Gun Safety Matters Challenge.” https://www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/50233/aimed-suicide-prevention-va-shares-winners-gun-safety-matters-challenge. Published July 9, 2019. Accessed August 18, 2020.
71. Roszko PJD, Ameli J, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Ranney ML. Clinician attitudes, screening practices, and interventions to reduce firearm-related injury. Epidemiol Rev. 2016;38(1):87-110. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxv005
72. Lethal Means Safety Training Act. HR 8084, 116th Cong. 2nd Sess (2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/8084/text. Accessed August 25, 2020.
73. Boggs JM, Simon GE, Ahmedani BK, Peterson E, Hubley S, Beck A. The association of firearm suicide with mental illness, substance use conditions, and previous suicide attempts. Ann Intern Med . 2017;167(4):287-288. doi:10.7326/L17-0111
74. Schmutte TJ, Wilkinson ST. Suicide in older adults with and without known mental illness: results from the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2003-2016. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(4):584-590. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.001
75. Morin RT, Li Y, Mackin RS, Whooley MA, Conwell Y, Byers AL. Comorbidity profiles identified in older primary care patients who attempt suicide. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(12):2553-2559. doi:10.1111/jgs.16126
76. Roszko PJD, Ameli J, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Ranney, ML. Clinician attitudes, screening practices, and interventions to reduce firearm-related injury. Epidemiol Rev. 2016;38(1):87-110. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxv005
77. Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America. 7th annual IAVA member survey: the most comprehensive look into the lives of post-9/11. https://iava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/IAVA-MemberSurvey-single-pgs1.pdf. Accessed August 18, 2020.
78. CARF International. CARF adds screening for suicide risk to its assessment standards. http://www.carf.org/universal-suicide-screening-standards. Published May 2, 2019. Accessed August 18, 2020.
79. Paul S. National Patient Safety Goal expands focus on suicide prevention. https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/blogs/dateline-tjc/2019/01/national-patient-safety-goal-expands-focus-on-suicide-prevention/. Published January 24, 2019. Accessed August 18, 2020.
