Alternative Pharmacotherapy

Results

Patterns of Patient Use. For the 31% of the patients who used alternative pharmacotherapies, a total of 42 different vitamins, herbs, or substances were taken representing 109 separate patient uses (Table 1). Forty-three percent of these alternative medications had been taken for the preceding 0 to 6 months, 12% for 7 to 12 months, 29% for 1 to 2 years, 12% for 3 to 5 years, 2% for 6 to 10 years, and 2% for 11 years or longer. The participants took 5% of the alternative pharmacotherapies 3 times daily, 14% twice daily, 76% once daily, 4% between one and 6 times per week, and 1% between one and 3 times per month. They reported getting most of their information about the alternative pharmacotherapies they take from the media or news (37%). Others received information from friends (24%), from a physician or nurse (14%), from family (12%), and from other sources (12%). In terms of therapeutic efficacy, 5% of the participants in this sample reported that the alternative medications they take are not helpful, 9% indicated that they are slightly helpful, 30% moderately helpful, 32% fairly helpful, 23% very helpful, and 2% were unsure about therapeutic effect. The 10 most frequently used alternative medications in order of frequency were: vitamin E, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, garlic, zinc, bilberry fruit extract, echinacea, vitamin C, chromium, and coenzyme Q10. The usage rates for these and other alternative medications are provided in Table 1. No significant differences in race, age, or sex were detected between those who reported using alternative medications and those who said they did not.

Patterns of Family Physician Practice. Eighty-four percent of the participants reported that they were not asked about their use of alternative pharmacotherapies on the day of their clinic visit and interview (Table 2). More than half (59%) indicated that the physician had never asked them about their use of alternative pharmacotherapies. Approximately two thirds (68%) of the participants’ medical records contained no entry (at any place in the record) reflecting a conversation or interchange between the physician and the patient about their use of alternative medications. Ninety-one percent of the medical records contained no physician documented recommendations about past, present, or future alternative medication use. Of the 7 participants reporting that they had been asked during that day’s visit about their alternative medication use, no notation of such use was found other than one notation of the use of vitamins. No significant differences in race, age, or sex were detected between those who reported their physician asking about their use of alternative medications (today or ever) and those who reported not being asked. Analysis also revealed no significant differences in terms of race, age, or sex between those patients whose records contained documentation of discussion or recommendation about alternative pharmacotherapy use and those whose records did not.

Discussion

We found that one third of the patients who participated in our study reported using alternative pharmacotherapies, and more than half of these had done so once daily for 1 year or less. The relatively recent use may reflect the impact of increasing media attention on alternative drugs. More than one third of these patients reported learning about the alternative drug they use from the news or media. These substances were more frequently used for prevention of conditions such as heart disease, dementia, memory loss, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer, and for treatment of menopausal symptoms and mood. The rate of physician inquiry about patient use of such alternative therapies does not match the increasing rate of use among patients. Documentation rates of physician inquiry or recommendation about alternative pharmacotherapy use were low regardless of the patient’s race, age, or sex. No physician biases appeared operative in terms of whether the physicians discussed or documented the alternative pharmacotherapy use of their patients. The limitations of our study include a small sample size and the use of only one clinical site.

Growing use of alternative pharmacotherapies as first-line treatment or for prevention may represent a substantial change in patients’ patterns of self-care and calls for a response on the part of physicians. To better address patients’ use of alternative pharmacotherapies, physicians will need to inform themselves about the alternative drugs being used and document their use in the medical record. We suggest that the current physician-patient policy of “don’t ask/don’t tell” be replaced with easy systemwide changes implemented to ensure that appropriate information is obtained and documented as follows:

1. Physicians should include questions about alternative medications and dosages on intake and history forms.
2. Nursing staff can routinely ask about herbs, vitamins, or natural remedy use. A question such as, “What are you doing to manage or improve your health?” could be incorporated into a general inquiry about health promotion and disease prevention activities.
3. Signs in examination rooms prompting conversation about alternative treatments may also be helpful, such as: “If you take any vitamins, herbs, plants, or minerals, please discuss this with your doctor—your doctor needs to know.”
4. Physicians should document all reported use of alternative treatments and physician recommendations. Documentation may remind the physician to inquire at each subsequent visit and to incorporate inquiry and documentation into standard practice. In doing so, physicians may notice local trends in the use of some alternative drugs for certain problems and can then direct more attention to that use in the population.
5. To better understand drug benefits, side effects, interactions, issues of contamination, and recommended dosages, use of a physician resource such as the Physicians Desk Reference for Herbal Medicines29 is suggested. Because an ever-expanding amount of information about alternative pharmacotherapies is available on the Internet, we suggest the physician become familiar with at least a few reputable Web sites.*
6. Patient education information covering benefits and risks associated with popular substances should be made available. Medical students or residents should also be encouraged to familiarize themselves with these materials and discuss a patient’s use of alternative medications with the attending physician.