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Department of Family and Community Medicine (Drs. McGrath and Seecof) and Division of Geriatric Medicine and Palliative Care, Department of Family and Community Medicine (Drs. Collins and Liantonio), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pa; Kaiser Permanente - Baltimore (Dr. Rague); Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (Dr. Thesing) Kathryn.mcgrath@jefferson.edu
The authors reported no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article.
The study did show, however, that reducing migraine triggers provided a high level of benefit to study participants. Stress is one of the most common migraine triggers in children; lack of sleep, exposure to a warm climate, and exposure to video games are also notable triggers.53 CBT may augment the efficacy of standard migraine medications in the pediatric population and may help prevent recurrence of episodes.54
Pregnancy.The treatment of migraine is different in pregnant women than it is in nonpregnant adults because of a concern over adverse effects on fetal development. For acute headache treatment, first-line therapies include trigger avoidance and acetaminophen, 1000 mg (maximum dosage, 4000 mg/d).55 If this is ineffective, a 10-mg dose of metoclopramide, as often as every 6 hours (not an FDA-approved indication), can be considered. During the second trimester, NSAIDs can be considered second-line therapy.
Triptans—specifically, sumatriptan and rizatriptan—can also be considered if first-line therapies fail.56 Triptan-exposed pregnant women with migraine have a rate of congenital malformations, spontaneous abortions, and prematurity that is similar to what is seen in pregnant women with migraine who have not been exposed to triptans. However, when triptan-exposed women are compared with healthy, non-migraine-suffering women, the rate of spontaneous abortion appears to be increased in the triptan-exposed population.57
Ergotamine is contraindicated during pregnancy because of its potential to induce uterine contractions and vasospasm, which can be detrimental to the fetus.56Nonpharmacotherapeutic interventions such as heat, ice, massage, rest, and avoidance of triggers are as successful in the pregnant population as in the nonpregnant population. For migraine prevention, coenzyme Q10, vitamins B2 and B6 (pyridoxine), and oral magnesium can be considered. Feverfew and butterbur should be avoided because of concerns about fetal malformation and preterm labor.58
Older adults. Choosing appropriate migraine therapy for older adults requires special consideration because of changes in drug metabolism and risks associated with drug adverse effects. Additionally, few studies of migraine drugs have included large populations of adults older than 65 years; medications should therefore be prescribed cautiously in this population, with particular attention to drug–drug interactions.
