Dr. Goldberger, Dr. Levounis, Dr. Grundmann, and Dr. Holcomb had no disclosures. Dr. Galbis-Reig disclosed in his study that he is the owner of stock in GW Pharmaceuticals and Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer bonds, and has spousal ownership of stock in AbbVie, Abbott Pharma, and Hospira. Dr. Swogger and other authors of the systematic review reported serving as consultants for the American Kratom Association, as well as sponsors of other kratom products.
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