Pseudofolliculitis barbae most often is thought of as a condition affecting the beard in Black men, but it also may present in individuals of all races who shave the axillary and inguinal regions. Typical features include pruritic inflammatory papules and pustules with surrounding erythema and hyperpigmentation.
Fox-Fordyce disease is a disorder of the apocrine sweat glands that presents as several flesh-colored, perifollicular, monomorphic papules in the axillae. It typically is a disease of young females and also can involve the areola and vulva. Histopathology may show hyperkeratosis, irregular acanthosis, and dilated sweat glands.
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory condition that presents with multiple cysts; nodules; abscesses; sinus tract formation; and suppuration of the axillary, anogenital, and sometimes inframammary areas, typically at the onset of puberty. The diagnosis is best supported by history and physical examination, which may be notable for recurrent abscesses, draining tracts, double comedones, and ropelike scarring.
Extramammary Paget disease is a rare malignancy affecting apocrine gland–bearing areas, including axillary and genital regions. It most commonly presents as a unilateral or asymmetric, scaly, erythematous plaque. Histopathology demonstrates Paget cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei, typically grouped in the lower portion of the epidermis.
Final Thoughts
Axillary dermatoses often can be challenging to diagnose given the range of pathologies that can present in intertriginous areas. Allergic contact dermatitis is a common culprit due to unique anatomical considerations and self-care practices, including shaving/hair removal; use of deodorants, antiperspirants, bodywashes, and clothing; and frictional and moisture influences. The most likely offender among contact allergens is fragrance, but other possibilities to consider include PG, preservatives, aluminum, nickel, and textile dyes. Albeit less common, systemic exposure to allergens may result in SCD and SDRIFE with a rash in intertriginous zones, including the axillae. Additionally, other infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune etiologies should be considered and ruled out.
Patch testing is the most reliable method to diagnose suspected ACD. Once confirmed, management includes the use of topical steroids and avoidance of the causative agent. Additionally, patients should be informed of the American Contact Dermatitis Society Contact Allergen Management Program (https://www.contactderm.org/patient-support/camp-access), which provides patients with useful information on products that are safe to use based on their patch testing results.